Urbanization In The Gilded Age - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 507 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gilded Age Essay Did you like this example?   In the beginning of the Nineteenth Century different countries immigrated to what was known the New World or Promise Land because there was better work and a better lifestyle in America. Japanese and Chinese settlers relocated to the American West Coast. Settlers lived in horribly housing conditions called Tenements. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Urbanization In The Gilded Age" essay for you Create order Most immigrants came to America to earn money to send to their families and when the families had enough money the immigrants would move back home. The Gold Rush of 1849 caused many of Chinese immigrants to move on the west coast. There were so many Chinese immigrants that Chester A. Arthur signed an act called the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act prohibited all Chinese laborers into the United States. Once the life of the New immigrant happened, Native born Americans thought their country was being over ran by foreigners. Most businesses owners were philanthropists which means they donated money to great causes for building structures that were hospitals, libraries, and music halls. Some business owners were accused of having a monopoly or trust. This means they have complete control over supply of a product or service. Monopolies are bad because it limited peoples choices. The Bessemer Process was a cheap industrial process to speed up the making of steal to get the industrialization going. Elisha Otis was a big person during this time by inventing the elevator, to get to the top of buildings like skyscrapers. But the great change of industrialization was the Standard Oil Co. This oil company was owned by John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller had a near-monopoly of the oil business but late in his life he changed to a Philanthropy. By doing this he donated to the community and had an Abundance of Natural Resources and still save money. The Abundance of Natural Resources was that settlers used oil as medic ine, and grease for their wagons and tools.   With almost every drop of the countrys oil flowing through his refineries, he was able to shape price structures and production decisions at every other phase of the process, from the oil wells to consumers homes. Urbanization was the result of population increase; technological and economic changes offered opportunities in the urban industries and reduced the demand of labor on farms. Urbanization had some negative effects that were bad public health, population growth and pollution. Urbanization turned out to be great because it brought new job opportunities for the poor and immigrants. Urbanization had educational improvements, as well as medical improvements. Urbanization also strengthened the womens reform and the workers union. The kids were hired on by big businesses to work in the factories or wherever they needed them to for long hours. The reason why they got hired is because they were cheap labor. During Urbanization the women were pushing for the right to vote and in 1890 the Western States gave women the right to vote. But the female suffrage only allowed the white women to vote. Led by Ida Wells, black women went against lynching and helped start the National Association of Color ed Women.

Canadian Parliament and Legislative Process

Canada is a  constitutional monarchy, which means that it recognizes the queen or king as the  head of state, while the prime minister is the  head of government.  Parliament is the legislative branch of the federal government in Canada. Canada’s Parliament consists of three parts: the Queen, the Senate and the House of Commons. As the legislative branch of the federal government, all three parts work together to make the laws for the country. Who Are the Members of Parliament? The Parliament of Canada is made up of the sovereign, represented by the governor-general of Canada, plus the House of Commons and the Senate. Parliament is the legislative, or law-making, branch of the federal government.   Canadas government has three branches. The members of Parliament, or parliamentarians, meet in Ottawa and work with the executive and judicial branches to run the national government.  The executive branch is the decision-making branch, consisting of the  sovereign,  the  Prime Minister,  and the  Cabinet. The judicial branch is a series of  independent  courts that interpret the  laws  passed by the other branches. Canadas Two-Chamber System Canada has a  bicameral  parliamentary system. That means that there are two separate  chambers, each with its own group of  parliamentarians:  the  Senate  and the  House of Commons. Each chamber has a Speaker who acts as the presiding officer of the chamber. The prime minister recommends individuals to serve in the Senate, and the governor-general makes the appointments. A Canadian senator must be at least 30 years old and must retire by his or her  75th  birthday.  The Senate has 105 members, and the seats are distributed to give equal representation to the major regions of the country. In contrast, voters elect representatives to the House of Commons. These representatives are called Members of Parliament, or MPs.  With few exceptions, anyone who is qualified to vote can run for a seat in the House of Commons. Thus, a candidate needs to be at least 18 years old to run for an MP position.  Seats in the House of Commons are distributed in proportion to the population of each province and territory. In general, the more people in a province or territory, the more members it has in the House of Commons. The number of MPs varies, but every province or territory must have at least as many members in the House of Commons as it has in the Senate. Making Law in Canada Members of both the Senate and the  House of Commons propose, review and debate potential new laws. This includes opposition party members, who also may propose new laws and participate in the overall lawmaking process. To become law, a bill must pass through both chambers in a series of readings and debates, followed by careful study in committee and additional debate. Finally, the bill must receive royal assent, or final approval, by the governor-general before becoming  law.

Scapegoat, Scapegoating, and Scapegoat Theory

Scapegoating refers to a process by which a person or group is unfairly blamed for something that they didnt do and, as a result, the real source of the problem is either never seen or purposefully ignored. Sociologists have documented that scapegoating often occurs between groups when a society is plagued by long-term economic problems or when resources are scarce. Scapegoat theory is used in sociology and psychology as one way to intercept conflict and prejudice between individuals and groups. Origins of the Term The term scapegoat has Biblical origins, coming from the Book of Leviticus. In the book, a goat was sent into the desert carrying the sins of the community. So, a scapegoat was originally understood as a person or animal that symbolically absorbed the sins of others and carried them away from those who committed them. Scapegoats and Scapegoating in Sociology Sociologists recognize four different ways in which scapegoating takes place and scapegoats are created. Scapegoating can be a one-on-one phenomenon, in which one person blames another for something he/she or someone else did. This form of scapegoating is common among children, who blame a sibling or a friend for something they did, to avoid the shame of disappointing their parents and the punishment that might follow a misdeed.Scapegoating also occurs in a one-on-group manner, when one person blames a group for a problem they did not cause: wars, deaths, financial losses of one kind or another, and other personal struggles. This form of scapegoating may sometimes be unfairly blamed on racial, ethnic, religious, class, or anti-immigrant biases.Sometimes scapegoating takes a group-on-one form, when a group of people singles out and blames one person for a problem. For example, when the members of a sports team blame a player who made a mistake for the loss of a match, though other aspects of play also affected the outcome. Or, when someone who alleges an assault is then scapegoated by me mbers of the community for causing trouble or ruining the life of the attacker.Finally, and of most interest to sociologists, is the form of scapegoating that is group-on-group. This occurs when one group blames another for problems that the groups collectively experience, which might be economic or political in nature—like blaming a particular party for the Great Depression (1929-1939) or the Great Recession (2007-2009). This form of scapegoating often manifests across lines of race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin. The Scapegoat Theory of Intergroup Conflict Scapegoating of one group by another has been used throughout history, and still today, as a way to incorrectly explain why certain social, economic, or political problems exist and harm the group doing the scapegoating. Some sociologists say that their research shows that groups that scapegoat occupy a low socio-economic status in society and have little access to wealth and power. They say these people are often experiencing prolonged economic insecurity or poverty, and come to adopt shared outlooks and beliefs that have been documented to lead to prejudice and violence. Sociologists who embrace socialism as a political and economic theory argue that those in a low socioeconomic status are naturally inclined to scapegoat due to the unequal distribution of resources within the society. These sociologists place blame on capitalism as an economic model and exploitation of workers by a wealthy minority. However, these are not the viewpoints of all sociologists. As with any science involving theories, study, research, and conclusions—its not an exact science, and therefore there will be a variety of viewpoints.

My Experience At My Hospital Volunteer Work - 872 Words

Born two months premature at just under five pounds, I like to believe that starting small can lead to big things. My parents were informed that it was unlikely that I would attend public school or gain the ability to speak well. But they were undaunted and instilled in me a can-do attitude. For the next dozen years I worked hard to overcome those setbacks with a steady routine of speech, motor skill and nutrition therapy. Without knowing it then, those difficult experiences were building my character and inspired my future. During my hospital volunteer work, I learned about the critical role diet plays in health, particularly for expectant mothers. Working with the Food Trust and Act in Faith nonprofits, I discovered how difficult it was for low income people to access nutritious food; and working with Aramark I developed a love and respect for preparing and serving healthy meals. Now, as I move on from West Chester University, I am proud to say that I am able to pay forward the kin dness I received as a child, and the knowledge I ve gained through my studies and work, as I pursue a profession in dietetics. Good and accessible nutrition is vital for every person s wellbeing, and I want to dedicate my life s work to this field. I was fortunate to start my career at 16 at Chick-fil-A where I learned about teamwork and what it truly means to adopt a service philosophy. From there I polished up my culinary skills and learned about efficiency working as an assistant chef atShow MoreRelatedBecome A Candy Striper : The American Bureau Of Labor Statistics1019 Words   |  5 Pagestheir time in a hospital or health-related organization [in 2011]† (Kendrick, â€Å"Sector Spotlight: Volunteer Management in Hospitals†). All those volunteers, also called Candy Stripers, made a positive change in their medical community and I was extremely honored to be one of those individuals. The ill stricken, misfortunate and even hospital staff need as much assistance as p ossible according to my experience. I encourage college students to take action and become hospital volunteers. When becomingRead MoreInternship At Metropolitan State University Of Denver1521 Words   |  7 Pagesmany students may have to complete a practicum in order to receive an educational degree. A practicum is a real-life learning experience obtained through working on-site in a health care facility while enrolled as a student (Makely, 2013). Educational programs use different terms for the practicum experience, such as clinicals, externships, internships, hands-on experience, and so forth, but these terms basically mean the same thing (Makely, 2013). Enrolled as a Health Care Management student at MetropolitanRead MoreMy Path Into Speech Pathology972 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare System led me to my path into Speech-Language Pathology. Since high school I was accepted into the Speech Pathology program and I apply to the graduate program this semester. Vidant Medical Cente r would be a wonder service-learning site to gain valuable career experiences. I would have the opportunity to incorporate my knowledge from previous classes with hands on experience with patients and staff members. Vidant Medical Center is a general medical and surgical hospital. Therefore, it servesRead MoreLife Is Not All About Me1148 Words   |  5 Pagesand became a medical doctor never crossed my mind, until the car accident that occurred during my sophomore year that put me in a coma for two weeks and took away my brother’s life. Being so close to death has not only taught me that life is so precious, yet fragile, it has also made me realize that life is not all about me. There are people around me. Fast-forward to today, I still feel thankful for being alive every day and the time I spent in the hospital really helped me realize that I knew thenRead MoreBenefits Of Volunteering At St. David s Medical Center848 Words   |  4 Pagespart of my life; at a younger age I would help the ladies in the cafeteria serve lunch after Sunday school and clean up the main hall afterwards, in high school I was in organizations that presented me with ample opportunities to volunteer, and presently I still manage to volunteer every semester in college. Aside from keeping volunteering as a constant aspect of my life, I would like to volunteer at St. David’s Medical center because I would be able to learn about working in a hospital and in theRead MoreHospital Life936 Words   |  4 PagesCOLLEGE STUDENT VOLUNTEER Application Information Dear Prospective Volunteer: Thank you for your interest in the volunteer program at Sharp Grossmont Hospital. Our volunteers work in departments throughout the hospital and share their skills to help the hospital fulfill its mission of excellence in patient care and customer service. We offer a variety of volunteer opportunities and will make every effort to match our needs with your particular skills and interests. Adult and collegeRead MoreCommunication Across Generations Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication across Generations Supervising staff and volunteers from ages fourteen to ninety can be a challenging task. These age groups make up the four different generations: Traditionalist, Baby Boomers, Generation X’ers, and Generation Y’ers. Traditionalist, (born 1925-1946) may need a little prodding to communicate their needs and they prefer written communication plans. Baby Boomers, (born 1946-1964) are aware of technology but still prefer to communicate by telephone and they call themselvesRead MoreMy Initial Clinical Volunteering Experience886 Words   |  4 PagesMy initial clinical volunteering experience was when I volunteered in adolescent health education at People’s Community Clinic (PCC) in my hometown of Austin, Texas during the summer after my sophomore year of college. I worked a couple days a week with staff physicians and other undergraduate volunteers to craft effective ways to disperse health information. The clinic served a majority low-income population. During my time volunteering at the clinic, I witnessed the necessity of providing qualityRead MoreMy Internship At Franciscan St. Margaret Health Hospital1296 Words   |  6 PagesMy Internship was at Franciscan St. Margaret Health, 5454 Hohman Avenue, Hammond, Indiana 46320-1999. The program and agency I was involved in was Indiana Volunteer Advocates for Seniors and Incapacitated Adults Program, also called VASIA which was founded by Franciscan St. Margaret Health Hospital of Hammond. They are in partnership with the Lake Superior Court as a best practices volunteer limited guardian model for collaborative problem-solving between the hospital healthcare providers and theRead MoreSurgery At Christus Spohn Hospital Essay869 Words   |  4 Pages8:30 p.m. when I got ready to witness a surgery at Christus Spohn Hospital. As I scrubbed in, the obstetrician informed me about what my eyes were going to observe – childbirth. He told me about the woman’s experience with labor: †Å"I am about to perform cesarean-section on her and I want you to know, that her womb may be empty†. I was shocked to hear such words come out of Dr. Shelton’s mouth. Thousands of questions immediately came to my head. Why would her womb be empty? As we walked into the operating

The Cold War and Decolonization - 1646 Words

After the tragic events of World War II, the Cold War represented how the two superpowers were in a fight in order to gain more territory. The Soviet Union wanted European countries to abide by communism while the United States were trying to prevent the spread of communism and enforce democracy. However, the Soviets took control of the eastern half of Europe and the United States controlled the western side. Communism is a one-party dictatorship where the government controls economic and political decisions which is based on a five year plan. On the other hand, democracy is where the People elect the president and are protected under the rule of law. From 1947 to 1991, the cold war took in effect and led to decolonization, political and†¦show more content†¦However, Ho Chi Minh was a communist leader and the allies had doubts that he would establish a democratic state in Vietnam. When the containment policy was put in place, the United States aided France to stop the spread of communism. Though, Mao gave military support to Minh in order to magnify communism. Vietnam defeated France in which they were forced to negotiate to form an independence agreement. Since the Baltour Declaration was enacted in 1917, Jewish were able to immigrate to Palestine to signify their homeland. However, the Arabs were furious that Great Britain allowed for this to happen. In 1945, six Arab countries formed the regional intergovernmental organization to establish an Arab homeland to support one another politically and economically and to remove the Jews from Palestine. President Truman also supported the Jewish homeland in Palestine and in return, the Arab league got angry at the United States. Great Britain acknowledging that these two religions will never get along, created camps in Cyprus to holocaust survivors. Nevertheless, this problem only increased and Britain decided to ask the United Nations to assist. In 1947, The United Nations General Assembly created a separa te Jewish state and a separate Arab state which were called Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The partition plan, created by the UN, gave the Arab state forty-three percent of its original territory and the Jewish will receive aboutShow MoreRelatedDecolonization and Influence of the Cold War Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Decolonization and the Influence of the Cold War The decades following World War II were all centered on the concept of decolonization, the dismantlement of Imperial empires established prior to World War I throughout Africa and Asia. Due to the aftermath of World War II, countries around the world experienced massive independent movements whose objective was to eliminate colonization and form new independent nations. The process of decolonization was separated by three different approaches: civilRead MoreThe Theoretical Success Of Decolonization783 Words   |  4 Pagesinternational society determined that decolonization was the best key to ensure the UN new charters and to maintain global sustainability. The decolonization process of European empires attempted to transform the international society by integrating the European and Non-European world but failed in retrospect due to the Cold War politics. Therefore it will be the purpose of this essay to discuss and analyze the theoretical success of decolonization and how decolon ization failed to integrate European andRead MoreThe Conflict Between Ussr And Usa During The Cold War1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe decolonization is a process in which colonies becomes independent of the colonizing country. This process can be as violent as peaceful and most of the revolutions emerging from decolonization were lead by a strong nationalism (Collins English Dictionary, 2007). After World War II, most of the European countries did not have enough economic and political stability to sustain to the different revolts taking place in their colonies and to help them to improve social and economic developments. ButRead MoreEffects Of Decolonization727 Words   |  3 PagesDecolonization can be achieved by gaining independence, along with interaction of power also, it is a political process that causes violence in in a lot of circumstances and may sometimes be resolved by negotiating on peaceful terms. But can also lead to violent resistance and arm struggle by the native population. Eventually with World War coming to an end, it brought a revolution of decolonization in many countries. For many people, this was a positive thing as they were to obtain independenceRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Cold War1311 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Fuchs The Global Effects of the Cold War and Decolonization The Cold War, also known as what could have been the third world war, conquered the second half of the 20th century. This international crisis, beginning at the end of World War II, is defined as the period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. There are numerous reasons as to why many believed the Cold War commenced, one being that the Soviet Union wanted to spread its belief of communism worldwide, which inRead MoreMost Significant Period Of The 20th Century1171 Words   |  5 Pages World war II was one of the most significant period of the 20th century. The war was fought from 1939 to 1945 in Europe, and during 1930s to 1940s in Asia. The war in Europe began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and ended with the official surrender of Japan, the last axis nation. It was the largest armed conflict in history, involving the entire world’s countries more than the other war. Not only that, WWII introducing powerful new weapons, culminating in the first use ofRead MoreDecolonization Of The Economic And Political Relations Between The Colonies And Their Colonizers1710 Words   |  7 PagesDecolonization in this paper specifically refers to the dismantling of the economic and political relations between the colonies and their colonizers and in this sense the independence achieved by African, Asian, Island territories following the Second World War. When it comes to the process of decolonization there was no one set method. 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For some places indep endence was easily gained yet in other areas it was a battle. During the time periods where colonization existed, Africa was peaceful and kept things in order. People had control over their specific locations and there were no questions to be asked. Once it was decided to remove these rights, things got out of hand rather quickly. Violence was a main occurrence duringRead MoreTo What Extent Was the Process of Decolonization in Southeast Asia a Violent Struggle?1315 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent was the process of decolonization in Southeast Asia a violent struggle? The process of decolonization in Southeast Asia was not totally a violent struggle due to the divers natures of the process of decolonization and the fight for independence in the various Southeast Asian nations. Furthermore, although the struggle for the withdrawal of the colonial masters was lined with bloodshed and violence, there were still moments in which peaceful negotiations managed to take place, rendering

Juvenile Delinquency Essay Paper Example For Students

Juvenile Delinquency Essay Paper Remember doing something mischievous or wrong when you were a kid and getting the label delinquent slapped on you ? Did you ever wonder what it meant ? That is what my topic for today is . . . juvenile delinquency. In this report I will: define juvenile delinquency, give the extent of juvenile delinquency, give some suggestions on what causes juvenile delinquency, and what is being done in various communities to deal with this growing problem. The legal term juvenile delinquent was established so that young lawbreakers could avoid the disgrace of being classified in legal records as criminals. Juvenile delinquency laws were designed to provide treatment, rather than punishment, for juvenile offenders. Young delinquents usually are sent to juvenile courts, where the main aim is to rehabilitate offenders, rather than to punish them. But the term juvenile delinquency itself has come to imply disgrace in todays society. A youngster can be labeled a delinquent for breaking any one of a number of laws, ranging from robbery to running away from home. But an action for which a youth may be declared a delinquent in one community may not be against the law in another community. In some communities, the police ignore many children who are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them directly to their parents. But in other communities, the police may refer such children to a juvenile court, where they may officially be declared delinquents. Crime statistics, though they are often incomplete and may be misleading, do give an indication of the extent of the delinquency problem. The FBI reports that during the early 1980s, about two-fifths of all arrests in the United States for burglary and arson were of persons under the age of 18. Juveniles also accounted for about one-third of all arrests for larceny. During any year, about 4 % of all children between the ages of 10 and 18 appear in a juvenile court. The percentage of youngsters in this group who are sent to court at least once is much higher. A third or more of those boys living in the slum areas of large cities may appear in a juvenile court at least once. Girls are becoming increasingly involved in juvenile delinquency. Today, about one of every five youngsters appearing in juvenile court is a girl. In the early 1900s, this ratio was about 1 girl to every 50 or 60 boys. Sociologists have conducted a number of studies to determine how much delinquency is not reported to the police. Most youngsters report taking part in one or more delinquent acts, though a majority of the offenses are minor. Experts have concluded that youthful misbehavior is much more common than is indicated by arrest records and juvenile court statistics. Many studies have been made in an effort to determine the causes of delinquency. Most of these have focused on family relationships or on neighborhood or community conditions. The results of these investigations have shown that it is doubtful that any child becomes a delinquent for any single reason. Family Relationships, especially those between parents and individual children, have been the focus of several delinquency studies. An early study comparing delinquent and nondelinquent brothers showed that over 90 % of the delinquents had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances. Only 13 % of their brothers felt this way. Whatever the nature of the delinquents unhappiness, delinquency appeared to them to be a solution. It brought attention to youths neglected by their parents, or approval by delinquent friends, or it solved problems of an unhappy home life in other ways. More recent studies have revealed that many delinquents had parents with whom they did not get along or who were inconsistent in their patterns of discipline and punishment. Neighborhood conditions have been stressed in studies by sociologists. .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 , .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .postImageUrl , .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 , .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:hover , .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:visited , .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:active { border:0!important; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:active , .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3 .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue723b38f2aaf1ab81a3d7ea29d3b82f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All Is Not Well In the Land of The Lion King Essay Many of these inquiries concentrate on differing rates of delinquency, rather than on the way individuals become delinquents. A series of studies have shown that delinquency rates are above average in the poorest sections of cities. Such areas have many broken homes and a high rate of alcoholism. They also have poor schools, high unemployment, few recreational facilities, and high crime rates. Many young people see delinquency as their only escape from boredom, poverty, and other problems. Social scientists have also studied the influence of other youngsters on those who commit delinquencies. For example, they point out that most youngsters who engage in delinquent behavior do so with other juveniles and often in organized gangs. Studies indicate that the causes of delinquency also extend to a whole society. For example, delinquency rates tend to be high among the low-income groups in societies where most people are well-to-do. The pain of being poor and living in slum conditions are felt more strongly in a rich society than in a poor one. Many efforts have been made to develop programs of delinquency prevention. There is little evidence, however, that any of these programs is truly effective. Some programs provide counseling services to youths who appear to be on the verge of becoming delinquents. Other programs draw youngsters into clubs and recreational centers in an effort to keep them away from situations in which delinquency is likely to occur. In recent years, many efforts have centered on improving the educational and work skills of youngsters. For those juveniles who have already become delinquents, there are programs designed to prevent them from committing future delinquent acts. Probation services are offered through juvenile courts in an effort to provide guidance for delinquent children. The more progressive institutions for juveniles attempt to provide treatment programs for offenderswork experiences, counseling, education, and group therapy. However, many other institutions provide little more than protective custody for juvenile delinquents. In conclusion, I have defined juvenile delinquency, explained the extent of juvenile delinquency, gave some suggestions on what causes juvenile delinquency, and what is being done in various communities to deal with the problem of juvenile delinquency.Category: Social Issues

Reliability Makes Accounting Relevant

Questions: 1. Explain why principles-based standards require a conceptual framework? 2. Why is it important that the IASB and FASB share a common conceptual framework? 3. It is suggested that several parties can benefit from a conceptual framework. Do you consider that a conceptual framework is more important for some parties than others? Explain your reasoning? 4. What is meant by a 'cross-cutting' issue? Suggest some possible examples of crosscutting issues? 5. What you think is the fundamental problem with financial statements based upon the historic cost measurement principle used under US GAAP ? 6. What do you think of the principle' ... accounts must reflect economic reality' as a core principle of measurement in accounting? 7. How would you measure economic reality? 8. What is reliability in accounting? 9. How do you think companies would go about estimating such a provision? 10. What aspects of the requirements were used by US companies to defer recognition of a liability? 11. In what ways does the recognition of the liability in relation to future restoration activity affect net profit in the current year and future years; and cash flow in the current and future years? 12. The article refers to changes in disclosure requirements relating to environmental liabilities in many countries around the world. How important is it that companies recognise the liability? To what extent is disclosure about the liability sufficient? Answers: 1.Conceptual framework in principle-based standards According to Detzen (2014), a conceptual framework is essential in the attempt of defining the purpose and nature of accounting while considering the theoretical concepts as well as the conceptual issues that surround financial reporting that can underpin the development of accounting standards. The same study denotes that principle-based standards have become more complex and increasingly detailed while attempting to map financial activities and statements. As a result, a conceptual framework can be used as it applies to many disciplines and specifically related to financial reporting. In principle-based accounting standards, Walton (2014) denotes that conceptual framework are viewed as statements of the accepted accounting principle forming a base of reference in evaluating the present practices as well as the progress of new strategies and accounting practices. Within the principle-based standards, conceptual framework provides vital information on the basis of economic decision-making as it forms a theoretical foundation for the determination of the measurement process of transactions and reporting regarding the current and historical values. In his study, Zijil (2015) denotes that conceptual framework has several benefits as it ensures accounting principle-based standards are consistent with every other principle mainly in the role of prudence and accruals. On the other hand, the absence of a strategic conceptual framework has resulted into the proliferation of rule-based accounting systems with the primary aim of treating all accounting transactions under a detailed specific requirement or rules Wells (2011, p. 304). It is a very inflexible and proactive but has a financial statements attraction being more consistent and comparable. On the contrary, adopting conceptual frameworks can result into a principle-based system where the standar ds of accounting can be designed from the conceptual basis agreed in meeting the relevant objectives. Sunder (2011) points out that the major aim of the framework is to identify the relevant and strategic objectives of the selected financial statements. It is hence used as a reporting entity in noting parties that adopt financial statements while evaluating the qualitative characteristics adopted within the financial statements as well as the characteristics of the qualitative accounting that makes the financial statements useful. 2. Importance of sharing a common conceptual framework In his study, Ritchie (2013) denotes that there are various benefits of sharing a similar conceptual framework. For instance, IASB and the FASB adopting a similar conceptual framework in their accounting strategies will be essential in; Assisting the development of the future IFRS while reviewing the available standards by setting various basic concepts. Promoting accounting standards harmonization and regulations while reducing other alternative accounting treatments Assisting the financial statements preparation in applying for IFRS including dealing with accounting transactions without an established accounting standard. 3. Comparison of the benefits of a conceptual framework for different parties The development and adoption of conceptual frameworks have over the years led to the progress of different accounting standards for different parties and companies that adopt them. Depending on the party, conceptual frameworks are set to provide a set of transparent and high-quality global standards that they are tended to achieve towards the consistency in comparing the possible results for the parties involved. In his study, Wells (2014) denotes that the frameworks have been produced incorporation with other globally known standards that aspire to achieve consistent global convergence. Such parties hence have their financial statements audited regarding the international standard of auditing with an enhanced reputation and status. It hence means that the benefits will depend on the strategies adopted by the company in adopting the conceptual framework in their performance. 4. Cross-Cutting Issues Cross-cutting issues are understood to be issues touching on the general principles affecting the well-being of the society such as gender equality, human rights and democracy, good governance, environmental sustainability, and HIV/AIDS. These are issues that directly affect the society and require a clear attention so that they can be addressed effectively to oversee the effective existence of the society in general as pointed out by Detzen (2014, p. 675). For instance, good governance t is necessary for the social and economic development process for every society and hence inherently linked to the IASB and the FASB project agendas and effective performance. Good governance is based on the different principles based on responsiveness, accountability, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, as well as inclusiveness while following the rule of law. On the other hand, sustainability development is known to be a framework for long-term sustainability mission in which social cohesio n, environmental protection, and economic growth work together. It hence focuses on meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the requirements of the future generation according to Sunder (2011, p. 350). Sustainability development is hence focused on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions as its pillars of performance. 5. Fundamental challenges with financial statements on the basis of the historical cost principle under the US GAAP Historic cost is the measure of the value adopted in accounting where the price of a property or an asset in the balance sheet is dependent on the nomnal or original cost in a company inquiry process. As an accounting method, the historic cost method is adopted for assets in the US under the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). In his study, Gjoni (2015) denotes that based on the historic cost principles, financial statements comes with various challenges. For instance, most assets held on any balance sheet need to be included in the historic cost even though they might have changed significantly in their value with time. However, not every asset is held within the historical cost such as marketable securities held at the balance sheets market value. Regarding the case study, critics contention on the GAAP is flawed since some professionals in different facets of accounting pronounce that some financial statements are often irrelevant to the financial analysts community. It is for this reason that individuals like Robert Hert (2002) have the assurance that only fair value can be an answer to the financial statement in a far clearer picture of any companys economic state. Additionally, in the absence of an active market, valuing assets can be very subjective hence making the financial statements very unreliable leading to the rise in disputes in the definition of the liabilities and assets. 6. Accounts reflecting the economic reality principle In financial accounting, it is necessary that accounting reflects corporate as well as economic realities as they exist. The principle hence suggests that it is necessary that accounting presents both economic and corporate realities. For this reason, Gjoni (2015) denotes that it is often claimed that reality cannot often be reflected in accounting as a result of the possible technical limitations reflected from the double entry book keeping as well as fair value accounting. It is hence clear that despite the ability of accounting to simply paint a picture of the reality, it can as well show the real effect on the economic status of a business or a country. For instance, real economic consequences can be considered when financial statement readers later with their actions or opinions as a result of possible and relevant changes in the accounting standards used. 7. measuring economic reality Economic reality is a test method that is adopted in determining the nature of the business transaction through the examination of the totality of the available commercial circumstances. In their study, Cordery and Zijl (2014) point out that economic reality is a test that determines if a certain instrument can be an investment contract. It can as well be used by the court in determining or ascertaining if an individual becomes the independent contractor or the employee and hence known as the common law of agency test. In measuring the economic reality, Lee (2016) denotes that the stock market can be used for the evaluation of the stock prices that will at the end give a true reality of the economic status of the market. However, Brien and Saeed (2014) denote that even though there is a link between the stock prices and the economic activity, it is sometimes tenuous as its not true that a good progress in the economy will result in an increase in the stock prices and vice versa. The primary reason is that the factors that drive stock prices are too complex, contradictory, and complex for a simple down and up correlation to apply. It is hence advisable to use other economic indicators in understanding the stock market that will give a clear reflection of the economic reality of business. For instance, Nurunnabi (2015) in his review denotes that a fall in the interest rates will lead to the purchase of the stock that will result in an increase in the economic stability. Other indicators such as the exchange rates can as well be a reflection of the economic reality depending on the business cycle as well as the market index, and fluctuations. 8. Reliability in accounting Reliability in accounting is the process of the verification of financial information and its consistency use by creditors and investigators with the same results. In their study, Prasad and Green (2015) denote that reliability refers to the trustworthiness accorded to the financial statements. In other words, in case the decision makers do not have trust on the content of the financial statements, the financial reports are then regarded as useless. Reliability of information hence occurs when a user can depend on the information provided if its materially accurate as it faithfully represents the data that it supports. It thus means that any significant omission or misstatements in the financial statements can reduce the reliability of the information it contains. For example, a business enterprise can be sued for damages by another rival company in a settlement that can threaten the company regarding its financial stability. In such a case, the non-disclosure of such information is likely to render the financial statements of the company very unreliable. In his study, Minoli and Bell (2012) point out that reliability in financial accounting is enhanced by adopting the following accounting concepts, issues, and principles; Prudence Completeness Faithful representation Neutrality The concept of single economic entity 9. Estimation of the provision by companies Apart from the satisfaction of the definition of liability, a conceptual framework employed by the companies both in the US and the Asia in the case study can as well adopt certain criteria to meet a liability recognition process on the financial statements. Evaluation of the resource outflow that embodies the economic benefits from the entity so as to ensure that the process is probably as well as measuring the liability of the value or cost of the obligation are the major steps to be followed according to Schoemaker (2013, p. 31). Regarding the first test, Yazd (2016) denotes that it is logical recognizing a liability only if there is the likelihood that the entity will be necessary for settling it. On the other hand, measuring the value of reliability is essential in ensuring that only liabilities that be measured objectively should be recognized within the financial statements. In other words, if an obligation meets the liability definition and fails in meeting its criteria for r ecognition, it is referred to as the contingent liability. In such a case, Husted and Young (2016) denote that it cannot be provided as a liability in the statements of the financial positions but just disclosed in the financial statement information. 10. Requirement aspects that were adopted by the US companies to defer liability recognition The intent of ruling concerning the recognition of liability was a disclosure of the fair market value estimation conditional nature that causes corporations to side on positions so as to differ their liability indefinitely. As a result, companies in the US decided to effectively postpone the recognition of their environmental liabilities without the inclusion of the anticipated litigation as well as the absence of the pending litigation. 11. Effect of liability recognition on the net profit in both the future and current years relating to the restoration activity effect On the contrary, the Asian companies in their recognition of environmental reliabilities may as well soon emerge as the environmental issues may be de-relocated as an issue on economic development over the past decades. It is hence clear why the responsibilities for disclosing the future reliabilities towards the environment are clearly growing for the companies around the globe. However, it is difficult to estimate the cleanup cost accurately as a result of the unknown contaminants as well as other legacy liabilities that are related to the formerly operated property, unexpected claims, and regulatory changes related to the natural damage of resources. 12. Importance of recognizing liability by companies and the efficiency of its disclosure Liability is understood to be the present or current obligation of an enterprise arising from the first event where the settlements are expected to cause an outflow from the enterprise of resources that embodies the related economic benefits. According to Chen, Cho, and Pattern (2014), a liability must meet the above definition before it is recognized in the financial statements. 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